A commonly-available quartz piezoelectric sensor (without enclosure) is shown in Fig. Natural single-crystal materials (quartz, gallium-phosphate, tourmaline, etc) are less sensitive but have higher stability. The sensitivity of ceramic materials is higher than that of natural single-crystal materials, but their high sensitivity degrades over time. The piezo film sensor includes a tiny film that is capable of measuring minute vibrations and deflections from materials. Two main sensing materials used for piezoelectric sensors are piezoelectric ceramics (such as PZT ceramic) and single-crystal materials (such as quartz). Generated piezoelectricity is proportional to the pressure applied to solid piezoelectric crystal materials. The ability of piezoelectric material to convert mechanical stress into electrical charge is called a piezoelectric effect. The prefix piezo is Greek for press or squeeze. It begins with a discussion of the bases of piezo- and ferroelectric activity, followed by an overview of the most commonly used piezoelectric ceramic: lead. A piezoelectric sensor, also known as a piezoelectric transducer, is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain or force by converting these into an electrical charge.
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